Epidemiological profile and temporal trend of exogenous intoxications in children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological profile and to analyze the trend in the incidence rate of exogenous poisoning concerning children and adolescents (0-19 years old) in the city of Arapiraca, Alagoas, Brazil, in the period from 2007 to 2015. METHODS: Observational study with data extracted from the Notifiable Diseases Information System. The variables sex, age group, toxic agent, and circumstance were analyzed using descriptive statistics. For temporal analysis, cut-off rates of incidence/10,000 inhabitants were calculated and the inflection point regression model was used for analysis. RESULTS: There were 5,539 cases of exogenous intoxication in individuals aged 0-19 years in the city, of which 53.1% (n=2,944) occurred in girls and 61.5% (n=3,405) in children aged 0-9 years. Medicines consisted in the main agent responsible for intoxications (28.5%; n=1,580), mainly by accidental use (18.2%; n=1,010). There was a significant increase in the events during the study period (Average Annual Percent Change: 12.7; 95%CI 1.1-25.6; p<0.001), with rates increasing from 56.52/10,000 inhabitants in 2007 to 56.64/10,000 inhabitants in 2015. The incidence of cases in girls increased from 57.34/10,000 inhabitants in 2007 to 62.27/10,000 inhabitants in 2015. In boys, the incidence of cases was stationary: 55.69/10,000 inhabitants to 50.9 /10,000 inhabitants in the same period. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed a higher frequency of cases in girls aged 0 to 4 years and an increasing trend in the incidence rate during the study period. Implementation of actions and strategies, with emphasis on health education, is needed in order to prevent cases of exogenous intoxication.

Alpha-terpineol prevents myocardial damage against isoproterenol-MI induced in Wistar-Kyoto rats: new possible to promote cardiovascular integrity.

Alpha-terpineol (TPN) is one of the major components of the resin obtained from Protium heptaphyllum. This plant has been utilized as medicine by Brazilian indigenous tribes to treat cardiovascular diseases. Scientific reports have shown that the TPN possesses vasorelaxant and antihypertensive effects. This study was conducted to assess the cardioprotective action of TPN against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiotoxicity. Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups. Rats were orally administered with TPN (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg, respectively) for 15 days, and ISO was administered (85 mg/kg, subcutaneously) on the 14th and 15th days. At the end of the experiment, the hemodynamic, baroreflex test, ECG, biochemical, histological, and morphometric changes were monitored from control and experimental groups, i.e., on the 15th day. ISO-induced myocardial infarcted rats showed an increase in mortality rates, cardiac marker enzymes, tachycardia, hypertrophy, myocardium necrosis, edema, hemorrhagic areas, infiltration of inflammatory cells like lymphocytes, and increased myocardial infarct size. However, pretreatment with TPN significantly inhibited these effects of ISO. The histopathological findings obtained for the myocardium further confirmed the biochemical results. Thus, the present study provides evidence for the efficacy of TPN against ISO-induced myocardial infarction in rats.

Epidemiological profile and temporal trend of exogenous intoxications in children and adolescents / Perfil epidemiológico e tendência temporal de intoxicações exógenas em crianças e adolescentes

Abstract Objective: To describe the epidemiological profile and to analyze the trend in the incidence rate of exogenous poisoning concerning children and adolescents (0-19 years old) in the city of Arapiraca, Alagoas, Brazil, in the period from 2007 to 2015. Methods: Observational study with data extracted from the Notifiable Diseases Information System. The variables sex, age group, toxic agent, and circumstance were analyzed using descriptive statistics. For temporal analysis, cut-off rates of incidence/10,000 inhabitants were calculated and the inflection point regression model was used for analysis. Results: There were 5,539 cases of exogenous intoxication in individuals aged 0-19 years in the city, of which 53.1% (n=2,944) occurred in girls and 61.5% (n=3,405) in children aged 0-9 years. Medicines consisted in the main agent responsible for intoxications (28.5%; n=1,580), mainly by accidental use (18.2%; n=1,010). There was a significant increase in the events during the study period (Average Annual Percent Change: 12.7; 95%CI 1.1-25.6; p<0.001), with rates increasing from 56.52/10,000 inhabitants in 2007 to 56.64/10,000 inhabitants in 2015. The incidence of cases in girls increased from 57.34/10,000 inhabitants in 2007 to 62.27/10,000 inhabitants in 2015. In boys, the incidence of cases was stationary: 55.69/10,000 inhabitants to 50.9 /10,000 inhabitants in the same period. Conclusions: The study showed a higher frequency of cases in girls aged 0 to 4 years and an increasing trend in the incidence rate during the study period. Implementation of actions and strategies, with emphasis on health education, is needed in order to prevent cases of exogenous intoxication.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico e analisar a tendência da taxa de incidência por intoxicações exógenas ocorridas em crianças e adolescentes (0-19 anos) em Arapiraca, Alagoas, Brasil, no período de 2007 a 2015. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo observacional com dados extraídos do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação. No componente descritivo, foram analisadas as variáveis sexo, faixa etária, agente tóxico e circunstância mediante estatística descritiva (frequência). Para a análise temporal, foram calculadas as taxas de incidência/10 mil habitantes e foi utilizado o modelo de regressão por pontos de inflexão para a análise. Resultados: Ocorreram 5.539 casos de intoxicações exógenas em indivíduos de 0 a 19 anos em Arapiraca (AL), dos quais 53,1% (n=2.944) eram do sexo feminino e 61,5% (n=3.405) eram crianças de 0 a 9 anos. Os principais agentes responsáveis pelas intoxicações foram medicamentos (28,5%; n=1.580) e a circunstância frequente foi uso acidental (18,2%; n=1.010). Houve variação do coeficiente de incidência geral, o qual apresentou comportamento temporal crescente (average annual percent change: 12,7; intervalo de confiança — IC95% 1,1-25,6; p<0,001) e cuja taxa passou de 56,52/10.000 habitantes para 56,64/10.000 habitantes. A incidência de casos, no sexo feminino, passou de 57,34/10.000 habitantes para 62,27/10.000 habitantes e apresentou tendência crescente. Já no sexo masculino, a incidência de casos passou de 55,69/10.000 habitantes para 50,99/10.000 habitantes e apresentou comportamento temporal estacionário. Conclusões: O estudo demonstrou maior frequência de casos no sexo feminino, na faixa de 0 a 4 anos, e tendência crescente da taxa de incidência. Recomenda-se a implementação de ações e estratégias, com destaque para a educação em saúde, a fim de prevenir casos de intoxicação exógena.

Temporal Trend of Mortality Due to Ischemic Heart Diseases in Northeastern Brazil (1996-2016): An Analysis According to Gender and Age Group. / Tendência Temporal da Mortalidade por Doenças Isquêmicas do Coração no Nordeste Brasileiro (1996­2016): Uma Análise Segundo Gênero e Faixa Etária.

BACKGROUND: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death among cardiovascular diseases (CVD). OBJECTIVE: To describe the sociodemographic profile and analyze the trend in the mortality rate due to IHD, according to sex and by age group, in the states of the Northeast region of Brazil, from 1996 to 2016. METHODS: Ecological study involving IHD mortality in the northeastern states. Variables analyzed: sex, age, education, marital status, ICD-10 category and state of residence. Crude and standardized rates were calculated. Death data were collected from the Mortality Information System (SIM) and population data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). In temporal analyzes the regression model by inflection points was used, with the calculation of annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change of the period (AAPC). A 95% confidence interval and a significance level of 5% were considered. RESULTS: 405916 deaths due to IHD were registered in the northeast region during the study period. The death profile is characterized by men (n=229006; 56,42%), elderly (n=301379; 74,25%), race/color brown (n=197936; 48,76%), elementary or <4 years at school (n=232599; 57,30%) and married (n=179599; 44,25%). There was an unusual highlight to the increase in the annual growth rate in the age group of adolescents (AAPC: 5,2%, p <0.01). The standardized regional mortality rate grew from 30,7 per 100,000 inhabitants in 1996 to 53.8 per 100,000 in 2016 (AAPC 2.8%; p<0.01). All nine states presented a statistically significant growth trend, with emphasis on Maranhão (AAPC 7,6%; p<0.01) and Piauí (AAPC 6,0%; p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The prevalent observed profile was male, elderly, race/color brown, low education level and married. Mortality due to IHD presented an upward trend in all states, although with an uneven pattern among the federated units.

FUNDAMENTOS: As doenças isquêmicas do coração (DIC) são a primeira causa de mortes dentre as doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil sociodemográfico e analisar tendência da taxa de mortalidade por DIC, segundo sexo e por faixa etária, nos estados da região Nordeste do Brasil, 1996-2016. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico envolvendo a mortalidade por DIC nos estados do Nordeste. Variáveis analisadas: sexo, idade, escolaridade, estado civil, categoria do CID-10 e estado de residências. Foram calculadas taxas brutas e padronizadas. Os dados de óbitos foram coletados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade; e os dados populacionais, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Nas análises temporais, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão por pontos de inflexão, com cálculo do percentual de variação anual (APC, Annual Percent Change) e do percentual de variação médio do período (AAPC, Average Annual Percent Change). Considerou-se intervalo de confiança de 95% e significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Registrou-se 405.916 óbitos por DIC na região Nordeste durante o período estudado. O perfil de óbitos caracteriza-se por homens (n=229.006; 56,42%), idosos (n=301.379; 74,25%), raça/cor parda (n=197.936; 48,76%), fundamental ou <4 anos na escola (n=232.599; 57,30%) e casados (n=179.599; 44,25%). Houve destaque incomum para o aumento na taxa de incremento anual na faixa etária de adolescentes (AAPC: 5,2%, p<0,01). A taxa de mortalidade regional padronizada cresceu de 30,7/100 mil habitantes, em 1996, para 53,8/100 mil, em 2016 (AAPC:2,8%; p<0,01). Todos os nove estados apresentaram tendência estatisticamente significante de crescimento, com ênfases para o Maranhão (AAPC:7,6%; p<0,01) e o Piauí (AAPC:6,0%; p<0,01). CONCLUSÃO: O perfil prevalente observado foi de homens, idosos, raça/cor parda, baixa escolaridade e casados. A mortalidade por DIC apresentou tendência de crescimento em todos os estados, ainda que com padrão desigual entre as unidades federadas.

Tendência temporal da mortalidade por doenças isquêmicas do coração no nordeste brasileiro (1996-2016): Uma análise segundo gênero e faixa etária / Temporal trend of mortality due to ischemic heart diseases in northeastern Brazil (1996-2016): An analysis according to gender and age group

Resumo Fundamentos As doenças isquêmicas do coração (DIC) são a primeira causa de mortes dentre as doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). Objetivo Descrever o perfil sociodemográfico e analisar tendência da taxa de mortalidade por DIC, segundo sexo e por faixa etária, nos estados da região Nordeste do Brasil, 1996-2016. Métodos Estudo ecológico envolvendo a mortalidade por DIC nos estados do Nordeste. Variáveis analisadas: sexo, idade, escolaridade, estado civil, categoria do CID-10 e estado de residências. Foram calculadas taxas brutas e padronizadas. Os dados de óbitos foram coletados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade; e os dados populacionais, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Nas análises temporais, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão por pontos de inflexão, com cálculo do percentual de variação anual (APC, Annual Percent Change) e do percentual de variação médio do período (AAPC, Average Annual Percent Change). Considerou-se intervalo de confiança de 95% e significância de 5%. Resultados Registrou-se 405.916 óbitos por DIC na região Nordeste durante o período estudado. O perfil de óbitos caracteriza-se por homens (n=229.006; 56,42%), idosos (n=301.379; 74,25%), raça/cor parda (n=197.936; 48,76%), fundamental ou <4 anos na escola (n=232.599; 57,30%) e casados (n=179.599; 44,25%). Houve destaque incomum para o aumento na taxa de incremento anual na faixa etária de adolescentes (AAPC: 5,2%, p<0,01). A taxa de mortalidade regional padronizada cresceu de 30,7/100 mil habitantes, em 1996, para 53,8/100 mil, em 2016 (AAPC:2,8%; p<0,01). Todos os nove estados apresentaram tendência estatisticamente significante de crescimento, com ênfases para o Maranhão (AAPC:7,6%; p<0,01) e o Piauí (AAPC:6,0%; p<0,01). Conclusão O perfil prevalente observado foi de homens, idosos, raça/cor parda, baixa escolaridade e casados. A mortalidade por DIC apresentou tendência de crescimento em todos os estados, ainda que com padrão desigual entre as unidades federadas.

Abstract Background Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death among cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Objective To describe the sociodemographic profile and analyze the trend in the mortality rate due to IHD, according to sex and by age group, in the states of the Northeast region of Brazil, from 1996 to 2016. Methods Ecological study involving IHD mortality in the northeastern states. Variables analyzed: sex, age, education, marital status, ICD-10 category and state of residence. Crude and standardized rates were calculated. Death data were collected from the Mortality Information System (SIM) and population data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). In temporal analyzes the regression model by inflection points was used, with the calculation of annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change of the period (AAPC). A 95% confidence interval and a significance level of 5% were considered. Results 405916 deaths due to IHD were registered in the northeast region during the study period. The death profile is characterized by men (n=229006; 56,42%), elderly (n=301379; 74,25%), race/color brown (n=197936; 48,76%), elementary or <4 years at school (n=232599; 57,30%) and married (n=179599; 44,25%). There was an unusual highlight to the increase in the annual growth rate in the age group of adolescents (AAPC: 5,2%, p <0.01). The standardized regional mortality rate grew from 30,7 per 100,000 inhabitants in 1996 to 53.8 per 100,000 in 2016 (AAPC 2.8%; p<0.01). All nine states presented a statistically significant growth trend, with emphasis on Maranhão (AAPC 7,6%; p<0.01) and Piauí (AAPC 6,0%; p<0.01). Conclusion The prevalent observed profile was male, elderly, race/color brown, low education level and married. Mortality due to IHD presented an upward trend in all states, although with an uneven pattern among the federated units.